The city whose music this graph is mostly about. Denis-Constant Martin's study treats it as a creole city where slavery, carnival, church music, dance bands and American jazz kept feeding each other. Apartheid then cut the city up, clearing District Six and pushing people out to the Cape Flats, and the music carries that history.
Did you know?
Abu Bakr Effendi's Bayan al-Din was printed in Istanbul in 1877: Hanafi religious law set out in the Afrikaans his Cape students spoke, written throughout in modified Arabic script.
History Cape Town 1877 Cape Town
Source: Tydskrif vir Letterkunde: Achmat Davids places the Cape Muslims on the South African linguistic map · Wikipedia: Abu Bakr Effendi
Did you know?
The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures says Afrikaans arose from the colloquial Cape Dutch of Dutch settlers under the influence of Khoekhoe, South African Portuguese Creole and South African Malay. How exactly it happened is still argued about.
Language & Slang Cape Town Cape Town
Source: APiCS Online: Survey chapter, Afrikaans, by Robbert van Sluijs · South African History Online: Afrikaans, the Language of Black and Coloured Dissent
Did you know?
The Cape Town Cycle Tour began in 1978 as The Big Ride In, a protest for safer cycling paths organised by Bill Mylrea and John Stegmann. The organisers call it the largest timed cycling event in the world.
In 1978 Bill Mylrea and John Stegmann organised a mass ride through Cape Town to argue for safer cycling paths. They called it The Big Ride In, and by the event's own account over 500 cyclists turned up. It kept happening. The ride around the peninsula has grown into what the organisers describe as the largest timed cycling event in the world, drawing around 30,000 riders a year, professionals and first-timers on the same road. The organisers also make a point of its apartheid-era history: it was a gathering that was not segregated, and amateurs rode alongside professionals from the start. The original point has not entirely gone away. Cape Town is still a difficult city to cycle in on an ordinary Tuesday, which is roughly what the first riders were complaining about.
Sport Cape Town 1978 Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: Cape Town Cycle Tour: About Us · Wikipedia: Cape Town Cycle Tour
Did you know?
The Kaaps Woordeboek, the first trilingual dictionary of the Cape Flats language Kaaps, was launched at the Castle of Good Hope on 23 April 2026. The UWC linguist Quentin Williams compiled it.
Language & Slang Cape Flats 2026 Cape Town
Source: Cape Towner: Kaaps language gains formal recognition with the launch of its first dictionary · University of the Western Cape: The First Trilingual Dictionary of Kaaps Launched
Did you know?
In Cape Town the gaartjie, also written gaatjie or guardjie, is the crew member on a minibus taxi who calls the destination, works the door and takes the fares.
Language & Slang Cape Town Western Cape
Source: MIT Atlas of Popular Transport: Cape Town · Cape Town Magazine: Your Guide to Cape Town Slang
Did you know?
Cape Town's Second New Year falls on 2 January. The tradition ties it to the one day off enslaved people at the Cape were given, once New Year's Day, which belonged to their owners, was over.
Traditions Cape Town Cape Town
Source: South African History Online: The Cape Minstrels, Origins and Evolution of Tweede Nuwe Jaar in the Cape · News24: South Africa's minstrel parade, born from slavery, celebrated in pride
Did you know?
Amaphela are shared sedan taxis working inside Gugulethu, Nyanga, Crossroads and Philippi. GroundUp reported that the name means cockroaches and put the minimum fare at R8 in January 2020.
Transport Gugulethu Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: GroundUp: Gugulethu residents accuse taxi drivers of crime · GroundUp: City intensifies operations against unlicensed amaphela taxis
Did you know?
District Six was declared a whites-only area under the Group Areas Act on 11 February 1966. Over 60,000 people were removed to the Cape Flats and the buildings were bulldozed.
District Six sat on the slopes above the city centre: crowded, poor, mixed, and by every account one of the most alive places in South Africa. On 11 February 1966 the apartheid government declared it a white area under the Group Areas Act of 1950. The District Six Museum records that more than 60,000 people were forcibly removed to the barren outlying areas known as the Cape Flats, that their houses in District Six were flattened by bulldozers, and that by 1982 the life of the community was over. The cleared land was largely left empty afterwards, which is its own kind of statement. The museum that carries the district's name was built around what former residents kept: their own records, photographs and memories of a place the state tried to take off the map.
History District Six 1966 Cape Town
Source: District Six Museum: About District Six
Did you know?
Suleman Dangor writes that Tuan Guru, the first official imam at the Cape, used Malayu in the Dorp Street madrasah he established at the end of the 1700s, and that Cape Dutch replaced it in the middle of the nineteenth century.
History Bo-Kaap Cape Town
Source: Tydskrif vir Letterkunde: Arabic-Afrikaans literature at the Cape, by Suleman Essop Dangor · The Conversation: More than an oppressor's language, by Hein Willemse
Did you know?
A checklist published in the journal Koedoe in 2025 counts 2,785 plant taxa on the Cape Peninsula. It records 261 threatened species, 38 of them Critically Endangered, and the authors say at least 158 grow nowhere else.
Botanists and conservation scientists published a new checklist of the Cape Peninsula's plants in the journal Koedoe in 2025, the latest major update to work first done in 1950. It counts 2,785 plant taxa on a peninsula you can drive the length of in an hour, with Asteraceae the largest family at 300 taxa and Erica the most diverse genus at 118 species. It records 261 threatened species, of which 38 are Critically Endangered, and 437 naturalised non-native taxa. Writing about their own work in February 2026, the authors say at least 158 of the peninsula's plants grow nowhere else on Earth, and describe Cape Town as the extinction capital of the world for flowering plants, because of how many species it has already lost to the city spreading across their only habitat.
Nature Table Mountain 2025 Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: Koedoe: Plant checklist for Table Mountain National Park and surrounding areas · Phys.org: Cape Town's wildflowers are a world treasure, six insights from a new checklist
Did you know?
The usual explanation for the Bo-Kaap's colours is that rented houses had to be white, and owners painted them when they could finally buy. It is widely repeated but thinly evidenced.
The Bo-Kaap grew from the 1760s, when Dutch colonists built rows of small rental houses, the huurhuisjes, and leased them to enslaved and freed people. It became the heart of Cape Muslim life, and it holds the Auwal Mosque, the first mosque in the country. The colours are the thing everyone photographs. South African History Online reports the common explanation carefully, saying the choice of colour is said to be attributed to a rule that leased houses had to be white, lifted when residents were able to buy, at which point owners painted them bright as an expression of their freedom. Note the hedging. It is a good story and it may be true, but it is transmitted as community memory rather than proved from the record. Ask a resident and you may also be told people simply liked colour.
Places Bo-Kaap 1760 Accounts differ Cape Town
Source: South African History Online: Bo-Kaap, Cape Town · Wikipedia: Bo-Kaap
Did you know?
Built in 1679, the Slave Lodge is the second oldest surviving colonial building in Cape Town. A count in 1807 recorded 283 enslaved people living in it. It is now an Iziko museum.
The Slave Lodge was built in 1679, and Iziko describes it as the second oldest existing colonial structure of the Cape Colony. It housed the enslaved people the Dutch East India Company owned, who did the building, farming and domestic work the settlement ran on. A count in 1807 recorded 283 people living in it: 187 men, 73 women and 23 children. In 1811 the remaining occupants were moved out and the building became government offices, housing the Supreme Court by 1817 and later the Legislative Council. It became a cultural history museum in 1966 and was renamed the Slave Lodge in 1998. Iziko notes how little is known about the people who lived there, which is its own kind of record: the building survived and most of the lives inside it did not.
History Slave Lodge 1679–1811 Cape Town
Source: Iziko Museums: Slave Lodge, Slavery in South Africa
Did you know?
The troupes are the Kaapse Klopse. The City of Cape Town calls the event the Cape Town Street Parade, or Tweede Nuwe Jaar Parade. The older name, built on a racial slur, is now widely considered offensive.
Traditions Cape Town Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: City of Cape Town: Minstrel Parade to get a new route in 2026 · South African History Online: The Cape Minstrels, Origins and Evolution of Tweede Nuwe Jaar in the Cape
Did you know?
The Cape Town Museum records that about 63,000 people were brought to the Cape as forced labour between 1658 and 1807, from Madagascar, South Asia, South East Asia, East Africa and, early on, West Africa. Slavery ended there on 1 December 1834.
Food Cape Town Cape Town
Source: Cape Town Museum: Enslaved Lives, Leeuwenhof · Gabeba Baderoon, Kitchen Language, in Regarding Muslims (Wits University Press, 2014)
Did you know?
In modern Cape usage the koesister is spiced and rolled in coconut and the koeksister is plaited and syrup-soaked. The Dictionary of South African English lists koesister among the spelling variants under koeksister.
Food Bo-Kaap Cape Town
Source: Dictionary of South African English: koeksister · Food & Home: The difference between koesisters and koeksisters
Did you know?
South African History Online dates the Noon Gun time signal to 1806. The guns were cast in 1794, fired first at the Castle, and moved to Lion Battery on Signal Hill, where the first shot was on 4 August 1902.
At noon a bang rolls across the city bowl. South African History Online says the guns have fired a time signal since 1806, when they were deployed at the Imhoff Battery at the Castle after the British occupation. Neighbours found the report unbearable, so they were eventually moved to the more remote Lion Battery on Signal Hill, and the first signal fired from there was on 4 August 1902. The guns are older than the tradition: 18-pounder smooth bore muzzle loaders to a pattern designed by Captain Thomas Blomfield in 1786, cast by Walker and Company in early 1794 and proof fired at Woolwich that June. The South African Navy maintains them. They fire daily except Sundays and public holidays, which is the kind of detail that tells you a tradition has been negotiated with its neighbours.
History Signal Hill 1806 Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: South African History Online: Signal Hill · Wikipedia: Noon Gun
Did you know?
South African History Online notes that Malay at the Cape covered people from well beyond the Malay peninsula. In the Daily Maverick, the writer Rustum Kozain says he learned as a child that Cape Malay was an apartheid term and that Muslim was the identity that counted.
Food Cape Town Accounts differ Cape Town
Source: South African History Online: The Cape Malay · Daily Maverick: The complex history of Cape Muslim cuisine
Did you know?
The south-easter that scours Cape Town in summer is called the Cape Doctor. The Dictionary of South African English records the name from 1861, from a belief that it swept away disease.
The Cape Doctor is the strong south-easterly that blows across the Cape Peninsula from spring into late summer, the wind that knocks over café chairs and lays the tablecloth on Table Mountain. The Dictionary of South African English dates the name to 1861 and quotes Lady Duff-Gordon describing a wind that keeps away cholera and fever of every sort. Nineteenth-century Cape Town had poor drainage and regular epidemics, and the idea that a hard summer wind flushed the bad air out of the streets was taken seriously. The medical theory has not aged well. The nickname has. Residents still credit it with clearing haze, pollution and heat, which is closer to true, and still curse it in January when it has been blowing for four days straight.
Nature Cape Town 1861 Cape Town
Source: Dictionary of South African English: Cape Doctor · Wikipedia: Cape Doctor
Did you know?
Cape pickled fish, fried and steeped in a spiced vinegar and onion sauce, is an Easter fixture in both Muslim and Christian households. How it became an Easter dish is disputed.
Food Cape Town Accounts differ Western Cape
Source: Vittles: Cape Town Pickled Fish · Cape Town Magazine: Cape Town's Pickled fish face-off
Did you know?
The Dictionary of South African English derives baie from the Malay banyak, piesang from pisang, blatjang from belachan and baadjie from baju. Their earliest South African citations run from 1786 to 1890.
Language & Slang Cape Town South Africa-wide
Source: Dictionary of South African English: baie · Dictionary of South African English: pisang
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Goema is both a barrel-shaped hand drum and the Cape Town music built on its beat. The Dictionary of South African English traces the word probably to a dialectal Malay word related to gong.
Music Cape Town Cape Town
Source: Dictionary of South African English: ghomma · Wikipedia: Cape jazz
Did you know?
The Dictionary of South African English calls bobotie a traditional dish probably of Malay origin and traces the word to the Malay bumbu, curry spices. The often repeated claim that the first recipe was printed in 1609 is not established.
Food Cape Town Accounts differ South Africa-wide
Source: Dictionary of South African English: bobotie · Daily Maverick: The complex history of Cape Muslim cuisine
Did you know?
Section 5 of the Constitution of the Western Cape, 1997 gives Afrikaans, English and isiXhosa equal official status for provincial government. Census 2022 records 41.2 per cent of the province speaking Afrikaans most often at home, 31.4 per cent isiXhosa and 22.0 per cent English.
Language & Slang Western Cape 1997 Western Cape
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: Constitution of the Western Cape, 1997, section 5 · Statistics South Africa: Census 2022 Statistical Release P0301.4, table 2.9
Did you know?
Visiting American minstrel companies brought blackface minstrelsy to Cape Town in 1862, and local performers adapted the style into what became the Kaapse Klopse. Which troupe came first is not settled.
Traditions Cape Town 1862 Cape Town
Source: ESAT: Minstrels · South African History Online: The Cape Minstrels, Origins and Evolution of Tweede Nuwe Jaar in the Cape
Did you know?
Buying koesisters on a Sunday morning, from a neighbour's kitchen or a corner deli, is a long standing Cape Muslim routine. Writing in the Daily Maverick, Ishay Govender calls koe'sisters a Sunday tradition created by Cape Malays or Cape Muslims.
Food Bo-Kaap Cape Town
Source: Daily Maverick: The complex history of Cape Muslim cuisine · Cape Town Etc: Culture eats koesisters for breakfast
Did you know?
Writing in the Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry in 2025, Cullen Goldblatt says Mother City was a coining of Cape Town's first marketing board, part of an early twentieth-century invention of a new white national identity.
Ask why Cape Town is the Mother City and you usually get a menu of guesses. Cullen Goldblatt, writing in the Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry in 2025, gives an answer instead: the name was a coining of Cape Town's first marketing board, part of the early twentieth-century, Union-era invention of a new white supremacist, Afrikaner-and-English national identity. He cites Vivian Bickford-Smith's book The Emergence of the South African Metropolis for it. The familiar explanations came later and are still repeated: that Cape Town was the original colonial settlement of 1652, that a newspaper once called it the country's only true metropolis, a word built from the Greek for mother and city, that things take nine months to happen here, and that Capetonians reach easily for jou ma. Treat those as folk etymology rather than as competing histories. The Daily Maverick has argued in print that calling Cape Town the mother of the country props up a settler story and writes out the people who were already here.
Places Cape Town Cape Town
Source: Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry: Queens of the Mother City · Cape Town Etc: Why Cape Town is called the Mother City
Did you know?
Martin records that the Green Point Track was closed to the troupes in 1968 after Green Point was declared white, that marches in central Cape Town were banned in 1976 under the Riotous Assemblies Act, and that the 2 January parades were suspended from 1977 until 1989.
Traditions Cape Town 1977–1989 Cape Town
Source: Denis-Constant Martin, Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa (African Minds, 2013) · South African History Online: The Cape Minstrels, Origins and Evolution of Tweede Nuwe Jaar in the Cape
Did you know?
Martin writes that the ghoema beat had already infiltrated the drumming of Cape Town jazz drummers before it was explicitly used in fusions and in Cape jazz, and that it is very closely related to the vastrap rhythm of boeremusiek and langarm.
Music Cape Town Cape Town
Source: Denis-Constant Martin, Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa (African Minds, 2013) · University of the Western Cape: Art activist Layne probes goema music for his doctorate
Did you know?
Mason argues that Basil Coetzee and Robbie Jansen turned a 1974 hit into an anthem by putting it at the centre of rallies and benefit concerts through the 1980s, including the youth festival at the national launch of the UDF in August 1983.
Music Cape Town 1983–1990 Cape Town
Source: John Edwin Mason, "Mannenberg": Notes on the Making of an Icon and Anthem, African Studies Quarterly 9(4), 2007 · South African History Online: Basil Coetzee
Did you know?
From the Dutch and Afrikaans kwaad, meaning bad or angry, kwaai described a fierce animal or a cross person. The Dictionary of South African English records an approving sense from 1974, and both senses are current.
Language & Slang Cape Flats Especially common in Cape Town
Source: Dictionary of South African English: kwaai · Cape Town Magazine: Your Guide to Cape Town Slang
Did you know?
Jol means a party or a good time. The Dictionary of South African English derives it from Afrikaans and says the South African English pronunciation reflects either the Afrikaans accent of working-class Cape Coloured communities or an Englished form.
Language & Slang Cape Town 1957 South Africa-wide
Did you know?
Denis-Constant Martin describes the goema as a single-headed wooden drum assembled from staves held by metal hoops, made in a wine-making country from materials enslaved people could get. Kirby described it in 1939 as a small cask with a skin nailed over one end.
Music Cape Town Cape Town
Source: Denis-Constant Martin, Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa (African Minds, 2013) · Dictionary of South African English: ghomma
Did you know?
The Dictionary of South African English derives bru from the Afrikaans broer and bra from English brother, explaining the bl- variants of bra by the regular shift of r to l when English words are used in Nguni languages.
Language & Slang South Africa 1956 South Africa-wide
Source: Dictionary of South African English: bru · Dictionary of South African English: bra
Did you know?
The Dictionary of South African English quotes a traveller's account of 1815 saying that breedi meant spinach in the Madagascar tongue and that the word was brought to the Cape by enslaved people. It also offers a possible Portuguese root.
Food Cape Town 1815 Western Cape
Source: Dictionary of South African English: bredie · Daily Maverick: The complex history of Cape Muslim cuisine
Did you know?
Martin records that the first Grand New Year Coloured Carnival was held at the Green Point Track on Tuesday 1 January 1907. The Cape Times reported seven troupes and close to 7,000 spectators, with about two thousand of them white.
Traditions Cape Town 1907 Cape Town
Source: Denis-Constant Martin, Sounding the Cape: Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa (African Minds, 2013) · South African History Online: The Cape Minstrels, Origins and Evolution of Tweede Nuwe Jaar in the Cape
Did you know?
Denningvleis is slow cooked lamb or mutton with black pepper and tamarind. The Dictionary of South African English derives denning from Malay dendeng and vleis from Afrikaans, and its earliest citation is 1944.
Food Cape Town 1944 Western Cape
Source: Dictionary of South African English: denningvleis · Daily Maverick: The complex history of Cape Muslim cuisine
Did you know?
The Dictionary of South African English derives sosatie from South African Dutch sasaatje and ultimately Javanese sesate, skewered meat. Its earliest Cape citation is from the Cape of Good Hope Literary Gazette in 1833.
Food Cape Town 1833 South Africa-wide
Did you know?
Mos is an Afrikaans-derived particle meaning after all, of course or you know, dropped into a sentence for emphasis. The Dictionary of South African English traces it to West Flemish mos and cites it in English from 1900.
Language & Slang South Africa 1900 South Africa-wide
Did you know?
The City of Cape Town announced the 2026 Cape Town Street Parade for Monday 5 January, with approximately 20,000 performers on a route from Chiappini Street along Somerset Road into the stadium. AFP reported around 17 troupes taking part.
Traditions Cape Town 2026 Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: City of Cape Town: Minstrel Parade to get a new route in 2026 · AFP: Thousands attend annual minstrel parade in South Africa's Cape Town
Did you know?
In Cape Town the route is often written by hand on cardboard and propped on the dashboard. Between that and the gaartjie calling the destination, you can usually tell where a taxi is going.
Transport Cape Town Cape Town
Source: MIT Atlas of Popular Transport: Cape Town · SA-Venues: A visitor's guide to using minibus taxis in Cape Town and Johannesburg
Did you know?
Cecil John Rhodes bought Kirstenbosch in 1895 and left it to the government at his death in 1902. It was set aside as a national botanic garden in May 1913, with a grant of £1,000 a year.
Cecil John Rhodes acquired the Kirstenbosch estate on the eastern slopes of Table Mountain in 1895, and on his death in 1902 he bequeathed the land to the government. In May 1913 the government set the estate aside for a national botanic garden and agreed to contribute one thousand pounds a year. The Botanical Society was formed on 10 June 1913 and the board of trustees met for the first time on 16 June. Harold Pearson, a botany professor who had come to South Africa in 1903, was appointed honorary director without a salary and served until his death in 1916. South African History Online describes Kirstenbosch as the first botanic garden in the world to be devoted to a country's indigenous flora, and as the first botanical garden inside a natural UNESCO World Heritage Site, inscribed in 2004.
Places Kirstenbosch 1913 Cape Town
Source: South African History Online: Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Cape Town · SANBI: Kirstenbosch history
Did you know?
Waterblommetjie bredie is a meat stew made with Aponogeton distachyos, an edible Western Cape water plant. The Dictionary of South African English dates the word in English to 1950.
Food Western Cape Western Cape
Source: Dictionary of South African English: waterblommetjie · CapeNature: Aponogeton distachyos, the waterblommetjie
Did you know?
Martin records that Afrikaans moppies, comic songs built on the ghoema beat, were introduced into the carnival competitions in 1949, and that nederlandsliedjies became a full item in the Malay choir competitions around 1957.
Traditions Cape Town 1949–1957 Cape Town
Did you know?
In the 2013 National Household Travel Survey, minibus taxis were the main way to work for 25 percent of South African workers, against 7 percent for buses and 4 percent for trains. The sector gets no operating subsidy like rail and bus.
Transport South Africa 2013 South Africa-wide
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: Frontiers in Sustainable Cities: Analysis of instruments governing the public transport subsidy regime in South Africa · Mail & Guardian: Taxi wars, how does Cape Town's public transport system actually work?
Did you know?
The City of Cape Town and MyCiTi describe minibus taxis as unscheduled services, hailed from the kerbside, charging by distance, working out of large ranks that serve many routes. The Dictionary of South African English says the same: fixed routes, set fares, no timetable.
Transport Cape Town Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: City of Cape Town: Taxis in Cape Town · MyCiTi: Trains, taxis and other transport
Did you know?
Martin describes Afrikaans moppies, one of the most popular items in klopse and Malay choir competitions, as the descendants of ghoemaliedjies: dancing songs accompanied by the drum, sung in streets and at picnics, usually caustic about people in authority.
Music Cape Town 1949 Cape Town
Did you know?
The City of Cape Town says payment is made on board and prices rise with distance, so carry change. Cape Town Magazine's rider's guide says to tell the gaartjie your stop about 50 to 100 metres before it.
Transport Cape Town Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: City of Cape Town: Taxis in Cape Town · MyCiTi: Trains, taxis and other transport
Did you know?
AFP described performers at the January 2026 parade in bright satin costumes, many twirling umbrellas and tossing walking sticks, accompanied by brass bands, goema drummers and banjos. Martin records that troupes have competed on costume since the nineteenth century.
Traditions Cape Town Cape Town
Correct as of 19 September 2026. Source: AFP: Thousands attend annual minstrel parade in South Africa's Cape Town · Daily Maverick: Tweede Nuwe Jaar parade goes ahead despite last-minute court battle
Did you know?
Martin cites Percival Kirby for the first mention of a drum played by enslaved people in the Cape Colony, dated 1820 and described as a hollowed log covered at one end with an undressed sheepskin.
Music Cape Town 1820 Western Cape
Did you know?
Snoek is Thyrsites atun, a snake mackerel of southern waters. The Dictionary of South African English records it salted and dried at the Cape in 1797 and notes a horn sounded for the first catch.
Food Western Cape Western Cape
Did you know?
The Dictionary of South African English labels lank as slang used especially by schoolchildren and young adults, meaning plenty of, or good, or simply very. The etymology is given as unknown.
Language & Slang South Africa 1970 South Africa-wide
Did you know?
GroundUp reported in August 2023 that Western Cape drivers named daily targets of R800 to R1,200 to hand to the owner, with R700 to R800 going on petrol, and that a driver pays his gaartjie R150 to R250 a day.
Transport Cape Town 2023 Western Cape
Correct as of 10 August 2023. Source: GroundUp: How the taxi industry works in the Western Cape · Mail & Guardian: How South Africa's minibus taxi industry exploits its drivers
Did you know?
Gauteng's taxi hand signs, one shape per destination, are learned by imitation and word of mouth. Susan Woolf spent nine years documenting them, published a booklet, added a braille edition and took a Wits doctorate.
Transport Johannesburg South Africa-wide
Source: Susan Woolf: Taxi Hand Sign Booklet, 2nd edition · Susan Woolf: The art of taxi hand signals
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