apartheid era

Era 1948–1994

The years when the state sorted people by race and the music had to work around it: District Six declared white in 1966, the Cape Flats townships built to receive the people removed, mixed bands made illegal in 1963, and jazz driven out of the clubs after Sharpeville.

Connections

was the time of

  • Abdullah Ibrahim (1976) he declared his support for the ANC after the Soweto uprising
  • Jonas Gwangwa (1980) he led the ANC's Amandla ensemble for ten years
  • Zim Ngqawana (1994) he directed the orchestra at Mandela's inauguration, at the end of it

is associated with

  • Sharpeville massacre (1960) the repression after it closed the mixed jazz clubs
  • The Blue Notes (1964) they left because mixed bands could not work at home
  • District Six (1966) declared a white area on 11 February 1966
  • Manenberg (1966) built to receive people removed from other areas
  • Yakhal' Inkomo (1968) SAHO gives the record political significance for black listeners
  • Soweto uprising (1976) schoolchildren shot for refusing Afrikaans instruction
  • Bring Him Back Home (1987) banned at home, sung everywhere else
  • Bo-Kaap families were moved out of it to the Cape Flats
  • Mannenberg played at UDF rallies through the 1980s

Did you know?

Did you know?

On 11 February 1966 District Six was declared white, and more than 60,000 people lost their homes.

District Six was declared a whites-only area under the Group Areas Act on 11 February 1966. Over 60,000 people were removed to the Cape Flats and the buildings were bulldozed.

The story

District Six sat on the slopes above the city centre: crowded, poor, mixed, and by every account one of the most alive places in South Africa. On 11 February 1966 the apartheid government declared it a white area under the Group Areas Act of 1950. The District Six Museum records that more than 60,000 people were forcibly removed to the barren outlying areas known as the Cape Flats, that their houses in District Six were flattened by bulldozers, and that by 1982 the life of the community was over. The cleared land was largely left empty afterwards, which is its own kind of statement. The museum that carries the district's name was built around what former residents kept: their own records, photographs and memories of a place the state tried to take off the map.

History District Six 1966 Cape Town

Source: District Six Museum: About District Six

Share

Read more on Cape Town Data

Sources for these connections

  1. African Minds: Denis-Constant Martin, Sounding the Cape (2013)
  2. African Studies Quarterly: John Edwin Mason, Mannenberg, Notes on the Making of an Icon and Anthem (2007)
  3. South African History Online: Biography of Johnny Mbizo Dyani by Brandon Norman
  4. South African History Online: District Six, Cape Town
  5. South African History Online: Manenberg, Cape Flats
  6. South African History Online: Soweto
  7. South African History Online: Winston Monwabisi Ngozi
  8. South African History Online: Zimasile Ngqawana
  9. Wikipedia: Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)
  10. Wikipedia: Jonas Gwangwa

Back to the graph