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Cape Town Gangs: What Visitors Need to Know in 2026 | Safety Guide

Cape Town Gangs: What Visitors Need to Know in 2026 | Safety Guide
Updated: August 2026

Gangs in Cape Town: What you should know in 2026

From the historical Numbers gangs in prisons to fast-rising street groups like the Fancy Boys, here’s what the situation actually looks like on the ground. Which areas are best avoided, how extortion networks work, and what you can do as a visitor to stay safe, in South Africa’s most beautiful (and also complicated) city.

As of: Reading time: ~17 minutes Sources: SAPS, GI-TOC, Parliament, News24, IOL

Quick note: Gang violence in Cape Town mostly affects specific local communities, not the classic tourist areas. This guide is meant to help you understand the situation and make smart decisions. It’s not here to scare you.

The gangs in 2026

Cape Town’s gang problem has a long history and is tightly linked to forced removals under apartheid. Today, the Western Cape Province accounts for nearly 90% of all gang-related murders in South Africa, despite having less than 12% of the country’s population. What that means in practice becomes clearest on the ground.

Where things stand in mid-2026

On the most recent SAPS quarter, April to June 2026, Western Cape murders were down about 6% year on year, but the worst precincts got worse: Mfuleni recorded 73 murders in the three months, the highest count of any station in the country. About a quarter of the province's killings are gang-related, and roughly 93% of South Africa's gang-linked murders happen in this one province. The City of Cape Town policing district accounts for nearly 80% of the provincial total. Worst hit: Mfuleni, Nyanga, Philippi East, Delft, Harare and Khayelitsha. The last full provincial total on this site is 1,071 murders for April to June 2026, down from 1,148 a year earlier (SAPS Q1 2026/27, released 28 August 2026).

The scene is complex: street gangs, prison gangs, protection money, organised crime, it all overlaps. But for visitors, the key point is: it’s highly localized. V&A Waterfront, Camps Bay, the Winelands? Typically barely affected. The dangerous zones are mainly in the Cape Flats, a sprawling township area most tourists never enter.

Numbers & facts (2026)

90-130
Active gangs
~100K
Estimated members
73
Mfuleni murders (Apr-Jun 2026)
~1 in 4
Murders gang-related
17
Areas under army patrol
5%
Firearms conviction rate

Source: SAPS quarterly crime statistics, Q1 2026/27 (April to June 2026, released 28 August 2026); Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Western Cape Gang Monitor; Western Cape Government briefings. Last refreshed: 11 September 2026.

The overall trend eased slightly: Western Cape murders fell about 6% year on year in April to June 2026, after a fall of about 8% in the quarter before. The violence stays highly concentrated. The City of Cape Town policing district accounts for nearly 80% of provincial murders, firearms are used in well over half of them, and Mfuleni has pulled clear of Nyanga as the deadliest precinct, followed by Philippi East, Delft and Harare. Provincial commissioner Thembisile Patekile lists the main drivers as gang crime, taxi violence, retaliation attacks, extortion and gender-based violence.

Cape Town's deadliest police precincts

Murders in a single quarter, April to June 2026, on the SAPS Q1 2026/27 release. Mfuleni is now the worst murder precinct in South Africa outright, well ahead of Nyanga, and all five sit inside the City of Cape Town, which accounts for nearly 80% of the province's murders. About one in four of these killings is gang-related.

01530456075Mfuleni73Nyanga56Philippi East53Delft53Harare49worst precinct in South Africa

Source: SAPS quarterly crime statistics, Q1 2026/27 (April to June 2026, released 28 August 2026). Last refreshed: 11 September 2026.

The big 2026 change: the army is on the Cape Flats

In his February 2026 State of the Nation Address, President Ramaphosa ordered soldiers into the country's worst crime hotspots. The Cape Town leg, Operation Prosper, began on 1 April 2026, placing SANDF troops alongside police in 17 Cape Flats areas under a planned 13-month deployment costing about R823 million. It has made more than 1,200 arrests and seized drugs and firearms, but by August 2026 no gang had been dismantled, and a parliamentary oversight visit on 14 August found weak coordination between soldiers and police and little measurable drop in shootings. For visitors this changes little: the troops are in the townships, not the tourist areas.

Key gang groupings

Cape Town’s street gangs can be roughly grouped into two rival alliances, each connected to different prison-gang factions. This “alliance system” helps explain why violence flares in recurring waves. In the Black townships a separate extortion economy runs alongside the camps, and it is now tied to the 28s by a weapons-for-profits partnership (see below).

The two main camps

The Americans linked to 26s/27s

Founded in 1983 in Athlone by Jackie Lonte. One of Cape Town’s biggest alliances, a kind of umbrella structure that includes (among others) the Ugly Americans, Young Americans, Spoilt Brats, Dollar Boys, Dollar Kids, Dixie Boys, and Sexy Boys. Connections to the 26s and 27s prison gangs. In 2025 there were attacks and targeted killings of leaders, and breakaway factions split off: the Inglourious Basterds (who took a share of the Americans' firearms), the Dollar Kids, and, from the Ghetto Kids, a faction called Only the Family. The Dollar Kids and Inglourious Basterds later re-allied with the Americans to push back the Fancy Boys.

The Firm (British) linked to 28s

The rival alliance with ties to the 28s prison gang. It includes (among others) Hard Livings, the 28s street gang, Junky Funky Kids (JFK), Ghetto Kids, Nice Time Kids, Fancy Boys, Mongrels, and Terrible Josters. Hard Livings shaped the scene in the 1990s and remain influential.

How Cape Town's gangs line up

The street gangs cluster into two rival alliances, each backed by a different prison Numbers faction. This is a simplified map of the main groupings, not a full roster: alliances shift, and smaller gangs move between them.

rival alliances26s27s28sThe AmericansThe Firm (British)Ugly AmericansYoung AmericansDollar BoysSexy BoysSpoilt BratsHard LivingsJunky Funky KidsNice Time KidsMongrelsTerrible JostersFancy Boys2026 flashpointbacked by 26s and 27sbacked by 28sPrison Numbers gangsThe Americans allianceThe Firm allianceFancy Boys (flashpoint)TOWNSHIP EXTORTION GANGSpartnered with the 28s (weapons for profits)Boko HaramThe GuptasTownship extortion gangs (Boko Haram, the Guptas), tied to the 28s

Structure per GI-TOC Western Cape Gang Monitor and SAPS reporting; simplified for clarity. The township extortion gangs sit outside the two camps but are tied to the 28s by a documented weapons-for-profits partnership.

Source: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Western Cape Gang Monitor; reporting listed under Sources. Last refreshed: 29 August 2026.

New dynamics: the Fancy Boys

The flashpoint of 2025-2026

Long dismissed as “second tier,” the Fancy Boys have become one of the most destabilizing forces in Cape Town. With “scout” crews pushing into rival areas, they expanded aggressively, including into Manenberg, Wesbank, Woodstock, Bonteheuwel, and Mitchells Plain. In Mitchells Plain alone, 50+ shootings in a single week were recorded, with 26 dead and 20 seriously injured. The escalation triggered unusual alliances, including a Hard Livings-28s cooperation to slow their spread. After Ralph Stanfield's arrest they also attacked the 28s' drug turf directly, with scout crews and 50-man strike teams, up to six attacks in a single day, but could not break the gang's grip. Their push continued through mid-2026, alongside a separate Americans versus Nice Time Kids war in Mitchells Plain.

Other relevant groups

Mobile tip: Tables are easiest to read with your phone turned sideways, or swipe left/right.
Gang Main areas Activities
Hard Livings Manenberg, Hanover Park Drug trade, extortion, prostitution
Mongrels Ottery, Lotus River, various Territory conflicts, drug trade
Junky Funky Kids (JFK) Various Cape Flats areas Drug trade, violence
Boko Haram Khayelitsha, Mfuleni, Nyanga, Philippi East Protection-fee extortion, cash-in-transit heists; partnered with the 28s; leadership killed in 2025
The Guptas (gang) Khayelitsha, Lower Crossroads, Gugulethu Boko Haram breakaway; extortion networks; at war with Boko Haram
Vatos Locos & Vuras Khayelitsha, Nyanga, Gugulethu, Delft School-age street gangs (members 12-19) at war with each other
No Fears Ottery & surroundings Active turf war with Mongrels

The Numbers: the roots of prison gangs

To understand Cape Town’s street gangs, you need to know the Numbers Gang, one of the oldest and most complex criminal structures in the world (dating back to the late 19th century). It operates primarily inside South African prisons, with an estimated 50,000 members, intricate hierarchies, rituals, and a secret language known as “Sabela”.

The 26s “Strategists”

The “businesspeople” of the Numbers: responsible for money, drugs, tobacco, and other contraband inside prison. More manipulative than openly violent; those who turn violent are expected to shift to the 27s. Associated street gangs: the Americans alliance.

The 27s “Enforcers”

“Men of blood”, the most mysterious and feared wing. Enforces gang rules and mediates between 26s and 28s. Known for extreme violence. Promotion requires “taking blood” (violent acts). Seen as guardians of Number law.

The 28s “Fighters”

The largest prison faction, often described as “warriors.” Split into Gold Line (fighters) and Silver Line. They “defend” prisoner rights, often violently, against authorities. Associated street gangs: Firm/Hard-Livings alliance. In 2025, alleged gang leader Ralph Stanfield was reportedly initiated into the 28s.

Street-prison connection shifting

Since 2000, links between prison and street gangs have strengthened. Even remand detainees can now be initiated, and wealthy street leaders can sometimes “fast-track” prison rank, a break from traditional rules. This has pushed simplified Number codes onto the street.

High-risk areas: where violence concentrates

Gang violence in Cape Town is highly concentrated geographically. Most incidents happen in the Cape Flats, the large township belt created through forced removals during apartheid. These areas often overlap with precincts seen as vulnerable to corruption and weak service delivery.

Areas best avoided

If you have no specific reason (and no local accompaniment): skip these areas. They are not tourist destinations.

Nyanga

Often referred to as South Africa’s “murder capital.” Extremely high violent crime (including murder and aggravated robbery). No tourism infrastructure.

Manenberg

Hotspot of gang conflict between Americans, Hard Livings, and Fancy Boys. Frequent shootouts. Schools and libraries have been affected.

Hanover Park

Known for gang violence. 350+ shooting incidents in 28 days (May 2025). Repeated protests calling for state intervention.

Mitchells Plain

Large township with strong gang presence. 50+ shootings in one week (2025). There are safer “islands,” but overall risk remains high.

Khayelitsha

One of Cape Town’s largest townships. High crime, business extortion, limited safety infrastructure. Culture tours only with reputable guides.

Delft

House break-ins and gang-related incidents. Limited policing capacity. Cited as a hotspot in GI-TOC monitoring.

Philippi

High crime (burglaries, robberies, occasional severe violence). Severe socioeconomic challenges. Visit only with an organised program/guide.

Bonteheuwel

Gang violence and theft, especially at night. Area into which Fancy Boys expanded. Tragic incidents include infant deaths during attacks.

Elsies River

Listed as a hotspot. LEAP response units were deployed, reportedly with measurable effects (-14.3% murders in response areas).

Gugulethu

Historically important township, but high crime. In 2025, seven men were shot dead in one incident. Business extortion is widespread.

Lavender Hill

Frequent shooting incidents, gang violence. Part of the LEAP deployment zone.

Langa

Oldest township, historically significant. Rising crime including armed robberies. Visit only with reputable tour operators.

The extortion economy

Beyond street violence, Cape Town has a growing shadow economy of extortion. GI-TOC distinguishes four central “extortion markets”:

“Construction mafia”

Targets infrastructure projects and building sites. Methods resemble patterns seen in KwaZulu-Natal. Companies are pressured into paying “protection”, otherwise violence or disruption follows.

Night-time economy

Starting with clubs and bars in the CBD, now extending to restaurants and cafés. Security staff may sometimes be involved.

Transport extortion

Historically strong in the minibus-taxi industry, now expanding to buses, private transport and, in some cases, even private vehicles. Taxi violence contributes significantly to murder totals. In early 2025 a war between the Junky Funky Kids and taxi associations over protection fees in Vrygrond left dozens dead, including a taxi operator shot inside a Wynberg courtroom.

Township business

Targets formal and informal businesses, especially foreign-run spaza shops. Monthly “fees” often range between R1,500 and R4,500. Refusal can lead to violence. The two dominant players, Boko Haram and the Guptas, are rivals born of a split detailed in a 2023 High Court judgment, and the GI-TOC reports both have partnered with the 28s, which supplies weapons and manpower in exchange for extortion profits. After their leaders were killed in 2025, territorial lines broke down and violence between extortion crews rose. Below them, school-age gangs like the Vatos Locos and Vuras fight their own wars across the townships.

Spaza shop crisis (2025)

Foreign-run spaza shops (small kiosks/convenience stores) are a particular focus. In 2025, shops in Khayelitsha were sometimes targeted by up to four different groups at the same time, with totals reaching R85,000 per month for some operators. Violence against shopkeepers who can’t pay increased, several Somali operators were shot. In June 2025, over 30 shops closed in protest, limiting many residents’ access to affordable food.

Corruption within security forces

Adding to the problem: individual officials have also been linked to extortion. In December 2025, two City of Cape Town employees were arrested for allegedly extorting spaza shop owners (R5,000-R6,000 per incident), and allegedly stealing cigarettes worth R600,000. It was not the first arrest linked to similar allegations.

Tourist-friendly safer zones

The good news: Cape Town’s tourist infrastructure is largely decoupled from gang violence. The classic areas, Atlantic Seaboard, City Bowl, the Winelands, and established suburbs, have strong security, and gang-related incidents there are rare.

V&A Waterfront

Lots of security, CCTV, controlled access points. Top tourist hub for shopping/entertainment, very safe day and night.

Camps Bay & Clifton

Upmarket beach neighbourhoods with iconic views. Low crime rates. Very walkable during the day.

Sea Point

Busy promenade popular with locals and tourists. Usually fine, but stay aware at night, avoid walking alone late.

City Bowl

Central between mountains and sea. Cafés, markets, street art. Generally safe by day, supported by active community presence.

Constantia Winelands

Beautiful wine estates south of the city. Affluent and well-secured, ideal for day trips.

Franschhoek & Stellenbosch

World-famous wine regions. Tourist-oriented, well-patrolled, easy to explore, stick to main routes.

Sea Point data: Our data-driven analysis covers 20 verified crime incidents in Sea Point (2024-2026) with charts and hotspot maps. View the interactive report

Interactive map: hotspots & safer zones

The map shows the spatial distribution of high-risk areas (mainly Cape Flats) compared with tourist-friendly safer zones (Atlantic Seaboard, City Bowl, Winelands). The contrast illustrates why most visitors can enjoy Cape Town safely, while violence tragically remains concentrated in specific communities.

Cape Town: risk zones & safer areas Tap markers for details
Cape Town Data

See the full interactive crime map

This guide is the overview. Our crime map plots the red zones, the safer green zones and verified incident data across the whole city, with practical tips for getting around.

Open the crime map

Quick timeline of recent incidents (2025-2026)

August 2026
A parliamentary oversight visit finds Operation Prosper "not prospering": soldiers and police poorly coordinated, mostly low-level drug runners arrested, and more than 100 murders recorded in the region in a single week. MPs debate whether to extend or end the deployment. On 28 August SAPS publishes the April to June quarter: Mfuleni is now the worst murder precinct in the country on 73, ahead of Nyanga on 56, while provincial murders are down about 6% year on year.
May 2026
Operation Prosper reports over 1,200 arrests, though authorities concede no gang has been dismantled. An extortion war in Delft produces three mass shootings in four days.
April 2026
The army deploys to the Cape Flats under Operation Prosper, beginning in Mitchells Plain on 1 April across 17 priority areas. Children are hit in crossfire in Bonteheuwel.
March 2026
The Western Cape budgets R8.6 billion for safety over three years. The SAPS figures for January to March 2026 show 983 murders in the province, down 8% year-on-year, with Mfuleni overtaking Nyanga as the deadliest precinct.
February 2026
President Ramaphosa's State of the Nation Address orders soldiers into the crime hotspots of nine provinces. Around this time nine people are killed in a single attack on a Philippi East shebeen, linked to protection rackets.
December 2025
GI-TOC Western Cape Gang Monitor: gang murders +58 compared to the same period in 2024. Fancy Boys described as a particularly disruptive force. Police arrest three suspects in Manenberg, Athlone, and Mitchell’s Plain (shootings from 2017 and 2025).
November 2025
In Khayelitsha, three Somali shop owners are shot within 48 hours, one fatally. Extortion gangs pressure migrant businesses. Vigilante killings of alleged extortionists in the informal settlement Isiqalo.
September 2025
Mitchells Plain: 50+ shootings in one week, 26 dead, 20 seriously injured. Fancy Boys expansion fuels escalation.
July 2025
Double murder on Voortrekker Road (Parow). Gang-related shooting: 2 dead, 2 injured. City deploys specialized LEAP officers to Cape Flats hotspots.
June 2025
30+ Somali spaza shops close in Khayelitsha in protest against extortion. André Naudé, alleged underworld figure, is shot dead on Voortrekker Road.
May 2025
Police minister announces “extraordinary measures” for the Cape Flats. 350+ shooting incidents in 28 days, including in Nyanga, Hanover Park, Manenberg, and Lavender Hill. Ralph Stanfield reportedly initiated into the 28s prison gang.
February 2025
Alleged Americans member is shot dead outside the Athlone Magistrate’s Court. Days earlier, a JFK gang leader is executed outside the Brackenfell police station.

Want to give back? Here’s how to do it well

Ultimately, Cape Town’s gang problem has a lot to do with poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunity. Tourists can’t “solve” that, but you can support organisations doing serious work on the ground. Here are a few that make a real impact.

One note about giving

Handing out cash on the street can feel right, but it isn’t always sustainable help. Poorly screened “voluntourism” can even cause harm. The organisations below have experience, transparent structures, and real community relationships.

Youth development & prevention

Chrysalis Academy DONATE

Flagship youth development program of the Western Cape Government (since 2000). A 3-month residential training for at-risk youth (17-25), focusing on physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual development. 7,700+ graduates.

How to help: Donate online or sponsor a participant (R450 covers intake fees). The program is free for participants but depends on additional funding.

chrysalisacademy.org.za
021 712 1023  |  info@chrysalisacademy.org.za

Cape Flats Youth Development DONATE

Works with at-risk primary school children in the informal settlement Capricorn/Vrygrond. Programs include reading support and math help (Grade 2/3), using assistive reading tech and the Jolly Phonics approach.

How to help: Donate school supplies, support literacy programs, or contribute financially.

youth-at-risk.com

Community projects & “philanthropic tours”

Uthando South Africa VISIT & DONATE

Award-winning non-profit organisation, Fair Trade in Tourism certified, connecting tourism with community development. Supports 50+ projects around Cape Town (education, animal welfare, and more). Offers “philanthropic excursions” that show social upliftment work sensitively and respectfully.

How to help: Book a tour, donate directly, or arrange CSR experiences for teams.

uthandosa.org
jamesfernie@uthandosa.org

SAVE (SA Volunteer Experience) VOLUNTEER

Registered NPO in the Blouberg/Dunoon area. Runs three Educare centres (75 preschool kids), an Adventure Club (math, English, swimming, surfing), plus micro-loans for small businesses.

How to help: Donate blankets, sleeping bags, warm clothing (winter is urgent). If travelling with Acacia Africa: donate unused gear at the end of your trip.

Works with community leaders so donations reach the right people.

Education & child support

SOS Africa Western Cape Trust SPONSOR

Cape Town-based charity (since 2013) with holistic education and care work: scholarships, after-school care, support for learning difficulties, training for school leavers.

How to help: Sponsor education, donate resources, or fundraise. Partners with The Village Collaboration (care-worker training with job guarantee).

sosafrica.com

Pebbles Project DONATE

Supports early childhood development, after-school clubs, health, and nutrition for children of farm workers in the Winelands, Cederberg, and Overberg. Their health clinic provides essential care that often isn’t otherwise available.

How to help: Donate everyday essentials (kids’ toothbrushes, baby blankets, body wash), contribute financially (R67, R670, R6,700), or join Mandela Day fundraisers.

Easy ways to help, even as a visitor

Mobile tip: Tables are easiest to read with your phone turned sideways, or swipe left/right.
Initiative How it works Impact
StreetSmart SA Participating restaurants add R5-R10 to the bill (opt-out possible) Funds reintegration, education, and skills training for street-connected children
SAYes Mentoring Mentoring for young people (14-25) aging out of care, plus drop-in sessions Supports the transition into independent adult life
Food Forward SA Pack food parcels for 67 minutes (Mandela Day and ongoing) Distribution to NGOs fighting food insecurity nationwide
67 Blankets Knit/crochet 20cm squares or full blankets; donate yarn/needles Warmth for people in need; “Secret Scarves”
Greenpop Join tree-planting events in under-served communities Environmental education + climate action in townships

Better to avoid

Common mistakes

  • Giving money directly on the street, donate to shelters/organisations instead
  • Handing sweets/toys directly to children, can encourage begging; better via projects
  • “Spontaneous volunteering” with kids, reputable programs require background checks
  • Photographing people in townships without permission, just don’t
  • Bypassing organisations, even good intentions can undermine long-term work

Mini checklist

  • Look for registered NPOs with transparent finances
  • For township visits: use Fair Trade-certified operators
  • Ask what’s actually needed before donating goods
  • Monthly giving often matters more than one-off donations
  • If you have pro skills: skills-based volunteering can be hugely valuable

Safety tips for visitors

What helps

  • Stick to tourist areas: V&A Waterfront, Camps Bay, Sea Point, City Bowl, and the Winelands are generally safe
  • Use ride-hailing: Uber and Bolt are usually safer than street taxis, especially at night
  • Pre-book airport transfers: via your hotel or a reputable provider to avoid unfamiliar routes
  • Don’t “shortcut” on navigation: Stay on main routes (M3, N2), no “quick detours”
  • Avoid walking alone at night: Even in safer areas, be cautious
  • Keep valuables low-key: Don’t flash jewellery, phones, or cameras
  • In the car: doors locked, windows up: Especially at traffic lights
  • Township tours: only reputable: If you do it, choose established operators
  • Trust your gut: If something feels off, leave

What I would avoid

  • DON’T enter Cape Flats townships without a guide
  • DON’T stop for strangers waving you down at the roadside
  • DON’T resist if armed, valuables are replaceable
  • DON’T hike alone, especially on quiet trails
  • DON’T use public transport (train/bus) at night
  • DON’T leave valuables visible in a parked car
  • DON’T “shortcut” through unfamiliar residential areas

Emergency contacts

Mobile tip: Tables are easiest to read with your phone turned sideways, or swipe left/right.
Service Number Notes
Police emergency 10111 SAPS emergency number
Emergency (mobile) 112 Works from any mobile phone
Crime Stop (anonymous) 08600 10111 Report tips anonymously
City of Cape Town 0800 110 077 24h Crime Tip-off Line
MySAPS App Download Report incidents via app

Source: SAPS; City of Cape Town. Last refreshed: 29 August 2026.

Bottom line

Cape Town’s gang problem is real and devastating for many communities, but highly concentrated geographically. The worst-affected neighbourhoods are not tourist destinations. They are under-served areas most visitors will never see.

For tourists: stick to established areas, use common sense, stay alert. Nature, food, wine, and culture make Cape Town one of Africa’s most exciting destinations, you just need to travel smart.

If you want to go deeper: the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime publishes ongoing research. Sustainable solutions require addressing root causes, poverty, unemployment, family breakdown, not only more policing.

More from Cape Town Data

Data-driven guides to help you move around Cape Town with confidence, each built on verified crime figures and local knowledge.

Sources & references

This guide is based on verified reporting from:

  • Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime: Western Cape Gang Monitor Issues 1-7 (2023-2025), including the December 2025 year-in-review
  • SAPS Crime Statistics: Q1 2026/27 release (April to June 2026, published 28 August 2026), with the earlier Q2, Q3 and Q4 2025/26 publications for the provincial totals
  • Western Cape Government: briefings by the Provincial Commissioner (December 2025)
  • News24: reporting on shootings and Ralph Stanfield topics (2025)
  • IOL / Cape Argus / Cape Times: reporting on gangs and extortion
  • GroundUp: investigations into spaza-shop extortion
  • Daily Maverick: reporting on organised crime
  • Wikipedia: background on the Numbers Gang, Americans Gang, Hard Livings
  • Helen Suzman Foundation: Cape Town Gangs: Political Dimensions
  • SaferSpaces.org.za: Don Pinnock’s gang research

Disclaimer

As of August 2026. Situations can change quickly. Please check current travel advisories, verify locally, and always use your own judgment.

This article was produced with AI assistance and reviewed and verified by humans.

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